财务报表，最通用的商业语言 Financial statements, the most common business language
从企业内部来看，财务报表是管理和决策的的工具；从企业外部来看，财务报表是最通用的商业语言。
From an internal perspective, financial statements are tools for management and decision-making; from an external perspective, financial statements are the most common business language.
要弄懂一家企业，看懂财务报表是必不可少的，财务报表在企业内部，起的就是仪表盘的作用，财务报表在外部，是用来和投资者进行沟通的。换句话说，如果你想购买一家公司的股票，应该看的不是此公司天花乱坠的解释，而是给投资者公示的财务报表。
To understand a company, it is necessary to understand the financial statements. The financial statements play the role of a dashboard inside the enterprise. The financial statements are external and are used to communicate with investors. In other words, if you want to buy stocks in a company, you should not look at the company's wild explanations, but the financial statements that are made public to investors.
那么，财务报告应该怎么看？固然市面上有枕头那么厚的财务书籍，但这对于普通人来说，都过于深奥，我们今天就用一张图，深入浅出地介绍几张核心的财务报表。
So, how should the financial report be interpreted? Although there are detailed financial books on the market, they are too esoteric for ordinary people. Today, we will use a picture to introduce a few core financial statements in a simple and simple way.
三张财务报表：一个中心，两个基本点 Three financial statements: one center and two basic points
一个中心：资产负债表，反映企业的整体财务状况。
One center: balance sheet, reflect the overall financial status of the enterprise.
两个基本点：利润表，反映资产负债表中未分配利润的增减变化（净利润本年累计数=资产负债表中未分配利润期末数-期初数）；现金流量表，反映资产负债表中货币资金的增减变化（现金及现金等价物的净增加额=现金的期末余额-现金的期初余额）。
Two basic points: income statement, reflecting the increase and decrease of undistributed profit in the balance sheet (net profit accumulated in the current year = undistributed profit in the balance sheet at the end of the period - undistributed profit in the balance sheet at the beginning of the period); Cash flow statement, reflecting the increase and decrease of monetary funds in the balance sheet (net increase of cash and cash equivalents = ending cash balance – beginning cash balance).
资产负债表是企业的“底子”，利润表是企业的“面子”，而现金流量表是企业能否过好“日子”。
The balance sheet shows the "foundation" of an enterprise, the income statement shows the "face" of an enterprise, and the cash flow statement shows whether an enterprise can live a good "life".
三张财务报表的解读 Interpretation of three financial statements
1. 资产负债表：Balance sheet:
财务报告中唯一的主表，它展现的是企业的一种完美平衡，资产负债表就是判断你的资产中，有多少真正是你的，有多少是通过负债转化而来的。
The only main statement in the financial report, which shows a perfect balance of the enterprise. The balance sheet is to judge how much of your assets is really yours and how much is converted from liabilities.
什么叫资产？公司账上的现金、短期投资的债权、理财产品、应收账款、库房里的存货、长期投资、拥有的办公楼、车、厂房、生产线、知识产权等等，都是公司的资产。
What is an asset? The cash in the company's accounts, short-term investment claims, financial products, accounts receivable, inventory in the warehouse, long-term investments, owned office buildings, cars, factories, production lines, intellectual property rights, etc., are all company assets.
你看资产负债表的左边，看到的全是资产，是可以用的资源。其中流动资产靠前，非流动资产靠后，变现越快的资产，放得越靠前。流动资产中的货币资金、交易性金融资产一般排在前面；而变现比较慢的固定资产、在建工程、无形资产等则放在报表等后面。
When you look at the left side of the balance sheet, you can see all the assets and available resources.Among them, current assets are at the top and non-current assets are at the back. Assets that can be realized faster are placed at the top. Monetary funds and transactional financial assets in current assets are generally ranked first; while fixed assets, construction in progress, and intangible assets that are relatively slow to realize are placed behind statements.
再看资产负债表的右边，是为了解释左边而存在的，说明左边资产的来源。而负债部分的相关科目是按照还款的紧急程度来编排的，越紧急的排得越靠前。而所有者权益部分，是按照“可靠程度”来排列的，股本（实缴注册资本）是最可靠的，往往排在前面，后面依次是资本公积、盈余公积等等。
Look at the right side of the balance sheet to explain the existence of the left side and the source of the assets on the left side. The related subjects of the debt part are arranged according to the urgency of the repayment, the more urgent the higher the ranking. The owner’s equity part is arranged in accordance with the degree of "reliability". Equity (paid registered capital) is the most reliable. It is often ranked first, followed by capital reserve, surplus reserve, and so on.
从资产负债表中我们能看到一家公司的“高矮胖廋”，把这张表中间切一刀，左边是告诉你家底有多厚，右边是告诉你购置这些家底的钱从哪里来？
From the balance sheet, we can see the "foundation" of a company. Cut the middle of this table. The left side tells you how thick the property is, and the right side tells you where the money for these properties comes from.
为什么资产负债表是唯一的主表？因为哪怕没有利润表，通过对净资产的期末数与期初数进行比较，照样可以计算出当年的利润数额；要是没有现金流量表，通过对货币资金的期初期末余额增减的比较，也是可以计算出当年的现金及现金等价物净增加额。多了这两张表，只是多了明细反映而已。
Why is the balance sheet the only main sheet? Because even if there is no income statement, the profit amount of the current year can be calculated by comparing the ending balance of net assets with the beginning balance; If there is no cash flow statement, the net increase of cash and cash equivalents in the current year can also be calculated by comparing the increase and decrease of the balance at the end of the initial period of monetary funds. With these two tables, it's just a detailed reflection.
用资产减去负债，就是真正属于股东的，叫所有者权益。很多人通俗地问：“我的公司现在值多少钱？”，这个所有者权益上面的数字，就是公司现在的价值。
Subtracting liabilities from assets is what really belongs to shareholders, called owners' equity. Many people ask in layman terms: "How much is my company worth now?" The number above this owner's equity is the current value of the company.
2. 利润表：Income statement:
利润表，也叫损益表，它分为上中下三部分，上部分是销售收入，中间部分是成本，收入减去成本之后，最下面的就是利润。
The profit statement is divided into three parts: the upper part, the middle part, and the lower part. The upper part is the sales income, and the middle part is the cost. After the income is subtracted from the cost, the bottom part is the profit.
利润表未必能真实反映企业的利润，它存在的根本原因，大概不是计量企业赚了多少钱，而是为了计量企业所得税的需要而存在的。而中小企业的老板，往往不喜欢看利润表，而喜欢看账上有多少余额，所以企业的净利润一般是按照老板想交多少税而定的。
The income statement may not truly reflect the profits of an enterprise. The fundamental reason for its existence is probably not to measure how much the enterprise has earned, but to measure the needs of enterprise income tax. And the boss of small and medium-sized enterprises often doesn't like to look at the profit statement, but likes to look at the balance on the account.
通过利润表，我们能看出什么？
What can we see through the income statement?
1. 能看出一家公司的主要收入来自哪里？
Can you see where the main income of a company comes from?
2. 能看出除了主营收入外，有没有投资收益，或者其他营业外收入？
Can you see whether there is investment income or other non-operating income in addition to the main operating income?
3. 成本结构如何？直接销售费用占比多少？管理费用多少？财务费用多少？
What is the cost structure? What is the proportion of direct sales expenses? How much is the management fee? How much is the financial cost?
4. 公司交了多少税？
How much tax does the company pay?
5. 公司的净利润是多少？
What is the company's net profit?
3. 现金流量表：
Cash flow statement
反映出资产负债表中各个项目对现金流量的影响，并根据其用途划分为经营、投资及融资三个活动分类。现金流量表非常重要，因为现金涉及企业的生死存亡问题。
Reflect the impact of each item in the balance sheet on cash flow, and divide it into three activity classifications: operation, investment, and financing according to their use. The cash flow statement is very important, because cash involves the life and death of a company.
从资产负债表上完全可以计算出本年度现金的增减变化数额，为什么还要编现金流量表？那完全是由于需要了解现金流量的来源，是来自于“企业经营活动”，还是“投资活动”，抑或是“融资活动”。假定一个企业经营活动是负现金流，而利润表还能有盈利的话，就可以看出应收帐款里面可能有水分了。如果一个企业的现金来源，全靠投资活动和融资活动支撑，那它就像一个永远“被输血的人”，在投资其股份时就要特别留心。
From the balance sheet, you can calculate the increase and decrease of cash in the current year. Why do you need to prepare a cash flow statement? That's because we need to know the source of cash flow, whether it comes from business activities, investment activities or financing activities.If an enterprise's operating activities are negative cash flow and the income statement is profitable, we can see that there may be something behind the accounts receivable. If a company's cash source is all supported by investment and financing activities, it is like a person who will always be "transfused". When investing in its shares, it should pay special attention.
企业的资产负债表、利润表、现金流量表是用数字在讲述企业的经营故事，如果你能巧用数字，切换不同的阅读视角，就能更全面的了解企业的经营状况，分析未来的发展潜力。
The company’s balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement use numbers to tell the business story of the company. If you can switch between different reading perspectives, you can have a more comprehensive understanding of the company's operating conditions and analyze the company's future development potential.
认识3张核心财务报告，跟别人谈论炒股时，也会多一点高级的谈资。
Know these 3 core financial statements, and when you talk to others about the stock market, you can give more professional opinions.